Chapter+4+Key+Concepts

__ Language __ __ Religion __ __ Social Groups __ __ Government and Economy __ __ Culture Regions __
 * __** ﻿Elements of Culture **__
 * A key element in a culture's development.
 * Dialect affects this, which makes it differ from the main language
 * Religious beliefs vary significantly around the world, and struggles over religious differences can be a source of conflict.
 * Enables people to find a sense of identity.
 * A social system develops to help the members of a culture work together to meet basic needs.
 * Most cultures are made up of social classes (groups of people ranked according to ancestry, wealth,education, etc.)
 * Organized by levels of power-national, regional, and local- and by type of authority- a single ruler, a small group of leaders, or body of citizens and their representatives.
 * When examining cultures, geographers look at economic activites.
 * In order to understand of cultural development, geographers divide the Earth into culture regions.
 * Culture Regions include countries that have certain traits in common.

__ Unitary System __ __ Federal System __
 * __ Levels of Governement __**
 * Gives all key powers to the national or central government.
 * This does not mean that only one level of government exists.
 * Example: United Kingdom and France both developed unitary governments as they emerged from smaller territoriesduring the late Middle Ages and Early Modern times.
 * Divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments.
 * Each level of government has sovereignty in some areas.
 * Example: United States developed a federal system after the thirteen colonies became independent from Great Britain.

__** Types of Governments **__ __ Autocracy __ __ Oligarchy __ __ Democracy __
 * Any system of government in which the power and authority to rule belong to a single individual.
 * Oldest and most common type of government.
 * Most achieve and maintain their position of authority through inheritance or by the ruthless use of military or police power.
 * Several forms: Absolute or Totalitarian dictatorship and Monarchy
 * Any system of government in which a small group holds power.
 * Derives power from wealth, military power, social position, or a combination of these elements.
 * Mostly Communist countries
 * Any system of governemnt in which leaders rule with the consent of the citizens.
 * The key idea of democracy is that people hold soverrign power.
 * Direct Democracy or Republic Democracy
 * No countries hace a national government based on Direct Democracy, instead they have Representative Democracies
 * Many Countries are a Republic Democracy


 * __ Cultural Change __**
 * ** Cultural Diffusion **
 * ** Cultural Hearths **
 * ** The influential cultural hearths developed in modern areas like **
 * ** Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, China, and Mexico **


 * __ Language Families __**
 * ** Culture **
 * ** Language **
 * ** Religion **

=**__ Political and Econimic System __**=
 * __ The Demographic Transition __**
 * ==** Birthrate **==
 * ==** Deathrate **==
 * ==** Natural Increase **==
 * ==** Migration **==

1. Three major decisions
2. Types of Economic Systems
 * Why?
 * How?
 * Who?
 * Traditional
 * Market
 * Mixed
 * Command

=//__ Population Challenges: __//=

= Population Movement: = = Resources: = = =
 * Shortages: Food Shortage, Labor Shortage,
 * All of these lead to Social tension and can also bring abot labor shortages and population growth can decline
 * Uneven distrubution of humans can cause these shortages.
 * Humans inhabit less than one third of the world.
 * Migration - The movement of people within an area
 * People migrate for various reasons: early civilizational nomadic reasons, urbanization, jobs, and well-being
 * Immigration is when people come in to somewhere.
 * Emmigration is when peopl leave to go inhabit somewhere else.
 * Natural Resources are resource found within the earth that humans cannot make but can use.
 * Renewable resources are that which we replace whether man made or natural. Examples would be: Trees, Animals, etc.
 * Nonrenewable resources are the which are not able to be replaced within many centuries. Examples would be: Diamonds, Fossil Fuels, etc.